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The need for sustainable energy resources drives this research due to the depletion of natural resources. Third-generation biomass, microalgae, has been experimented with by numerous researchers, and it is proven to have potential as bioresources feedstock to produce biofuel. Used cooking oil impacts society, including the environment, since most of it is dumped into the environment. The abundance of this waste, which comes from food industries, households, and restaurants, has contributed a significant drawback to the world population. Thus, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of used palm cooking oil as co-feedstock in pyrolysis of Chlorella sp. at 400 to 600 ℃ on the distribution of pyrolysis product yield and organic compounds in pyrolysis oil. The co-pyrolysis experiments were conducted using a tube furnace reactor, maintaining a fixed mass ratio of 1:1 for both feedstocks. The pyrolysis oil was further analyzed to measure the organic compositions. The highest pyrolysis oil yield for single pyrolysis of Chlorella sp. and used palm cooking oil was achieved at 500 ℃ (25.4%) and 550 ℃ (94.9%), respectively. Pyrolysis of used palm cooking oil generates higher hydrocarbons (53.0–88.4%) at all investigated temperatures compared to pyrolysis of Chlorella sp. (9.4–40.5%). For co-pyrolysis, the optimum temperature was 550 ℃, yielding the highest pyrolysis oil (60.1%) and hydrocarbon composition (80.1%). Adding used palm cooking oil to the single pyrolysis of Chlorella sp. significantly increased the pyrolysis oil yield, which is only 19.6% at 550 ℃. The hydrocarbon percentage from pyrolysis of Chlorella sp. was only 11.5% at 550 ℃, and the addition of used palm cooking oil as co-feedstock played a significant role in the increment of hydrocarbon composition. Used palm cooking oil has a synergistic effect in the reduction of oxygenated and nitrogenous compounds from 57.0% and 31.0% to 15.9% and 4.0%, respectively. Ultimately, this work contributes substantively to advancing a greener, more sustainable energy future.

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Potential Production of High-Liquid Hydrocarbons from Blended Chlorella sp. and Cooking Oil via Co-pyrolysis as a New Waste Management Strategy

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Vekes Balasundram,
  • Norazana Ibrahim,
  • Ruzinah Isha,
  • Mohd. Kamaruddin Abd. Hamid,
  • Suchithra Thangalazhy Gopakumar,
  • Le Kim Hoang Pham

摘要

The need for sustainable energy resources drives this research due to the depletion of natural resources. Third-generation biomass, microalgae, has been experimented with by numerous researchers, and it is proven to have potential as bioresources feedstock to produce biofuel. Used cooking oil impacts society, including the environment, since most of it is dumped into the environment. The abundance of this waste, which comes from food industries, households, and restaurants, has contributed a significant drawback to the world population. Thus, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of used palm cooking oil as co-feedstock in pyrolysis of Chlorella sp. at 400 to 600 ℃ on the distribution of pyrolysis product yield and organic compounds in pyrolysis oil. The co-pyrolysis experiments were conducted using a tube furnace reactor, maintaining a fixed mass ratio of 1:1 for both feedstocks. The pyrolysis oil was further analyzed to measure the organic compositions. The highest pyrolysis oil yield for single pyrolysis of Chlorella sp. and used palm cooking oil was achieved at 500 ℃ (25.4%) and 550 ℃ (94.9%), respectively. Pyrolysis of used palm cooking oil generates higher hydrocarbons (53.0–88.4%) at all investigated temperatures compared to pyrolysis of Chlorella sp. (9.4–40.5%). For co-pyrolysis, the optimum temperature was 550 ℃, yielding the highest pyrolysis oil (60.1%) and hydrocarbon composition (80.1%). Adding used palm cooking oil to the single pyrolysis of Chlorella sp. significantly increased the pyrolysis oil yield, which is only 19.6% at 550 ℃. The hydrocarbon percentage from pyrolysis of Chlorella sp. was only 11.5% at 550 ℃, and the addition of used palm cooking oil as co-feedstock played a significant role in the increment of hydrocarbon composition. Used palm cooking oil has a synergistic effect in the reduction of oxygenated and nitrogenous compounds from 57.0% and 31.0% to 15.9% and 4.0%, respectively. Ultimately, this work contributes substantively to advancing a greener, more sustainable energy future.