This study aims to assess the effectiveness of different thermal protection systems (TPS) for solid rocket motors, focusing on how these systems impact both thermal performance and the overall performance of a solid rocket. Using a numerical simulation approach, the solid rocket was first designed in OpenRocket, and the thermal protection systems were evaluated through simulations conducted in ANSYS Fluent. The primary objective was to analyze the influence of TPS on the motor’s casing temperature and technical performance of the solid rocket. The results indicate that applying thermal protection significantly reduces the casing temperature which is vital for the success of the rocket mission, with protection systems featuring low thermal conductivity providing superior protection. In contrast, TPS with higher conductivity offered weaker thermal protection, hence, thicker protection is required, therefor, heavier protection. Furthermore, the choice of TPS not only affects thermal management but also directly influences key performance of the solid rocket, such as maximum velocity and apogee. These findings underscore the critical role of TPS in optimizing both the thermal and operational performance of solid rocket motors, while also highlighting the importance of balancing thermal protection with the overall weight of the rocket.