In the 1920s, Soviet Russia’s policies toward Mongolia were driven by both strategic and ideological interests. Moscow viewed Mongolia as an important buffer zone and sought to strengthen its influence in the region while preventing the penetration of hostile forces. The Comintern played a key role in achieving these objectives by supporting revolutionary movements in Mongolia and leveraging the local anti-Chinese sentiments. After 1921, Soviet support decisively shaped Mongolia’s political development. While Mongolia sought foreign assistance to ensure its independence and modernization, it avoided complete subjugation to a single power. The Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) emerged as the dominant political force, uniting traditional elites and the general population around the idea of national revival. Key documents, such as the ‘Party Oath’ and the ‘Declaration of the Mongolian People’s Party’, outlined the country’s democratic and national development. Although Mongolia’s leadership did not blindly follow Soviet directives, it gradually adopted elements of the socialist model. The reforms implemented between 1921 and 1922—including the establishment of the Provisional State Khural, tax and administrative reforms, and measures to abolish slavery—reflected Mongolia’s aspirations for independence, albeit within the growing sphere of Soviet influence.