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This study examines Tsarist Russia’s policies toward Mongolia in the early twentieth century, emphasizing the geopolitical and economic factors that shaped its approach. Contrary to the belief that Russia’s interest in Mongolia emerged after the 1911 revolution, historical evidence shows that Mongolia was a strategic concern long before its independence movement. Russian political and military leaders were divided—some favored full integration into the Russian Empire, others preferred a protectorate status, and some advocated for closer ties with China. Economic interests also played a crucial role, with commercial and industrial groups seeking to monopolize Mongolia’s resources. Despite MongoliaMongolia’s declaration of independence in 1911, Russia’s secret agreements with JapanJapan and diplomatic negotiations with ChinaChina constrained its sovereignty. The 1912 Russian-Mongolian Friendship Treaty and the 1915 Tripartite Agreement placed MongoliaMongolia under Chinese suzerainty while securing Russian economic privileges. Using archival materials and historical records, this research provides a deeper understanding of Russia’s role in shaping MongoliaMongolia’s modern political trajectory through both economic influence and diplomatic maneuvering.

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The Policy of The Russian Empire Toward Mongolia in the Beginning of the 20th Century

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Batsaikhan Ookhnoi Emgent

摘要

This study examines Tsarist Russia’s policies toward Mongolia in the early twentieth century, emphasizing the geopolitical and economic factors that shaped its approach. Contrary to the belief that Russia’s interest in Mongolia emerged after the 1911 revolution, historical evidence shows that Mongolia was a strategic concern long before its independence movement. Russian political and military leaders were divided—some favored full integration into the Russian Empire, others preferred a protectorate status, and some advocated for closer ties with China. Economic interests also played a crucial role, with commercial and industrial groups seeking to monopolize Mongolia’s resources. Despite MongoliaMongolia’s declaration of independence in 1911, Russia’s secret agreements with JapanJapan and diplomatic negotiations with ChinaChina constrained its sovereignty. The 1912 Russian-Mongolian Friendship Treaty and the 1915 Tripartite Agreement placed MongoliaMongolia under Chinese suzerainty while securing Russian economic privileges. Using archival materials and historical records, this research provides a deeper understanding of Russia’s role in shaping MongoliaMongolia’s modern political trajectory through both economic influence and diplomatic maneuvering.