Monitoring the occurrence of consciousness episodes during general anaesthesia and the constitution of memories after that remains important, as such episodes are relatively frequent and can be unpleasant and have serious psychological consequences for patients. In this chapter, we first place consciousness and memory in the context of general anaesthesia and define the importance of the problem. We then approach it from a mechanistic perspective based on an operational definition of the elements crucial to anaesthesiologists and their patients. This approach is chosen with the idea of eliciting new tracks for research in the field, allowing the identification of specific markers of the components of consciousness during anaesthesia, namely internal awareness, the ability to consciously perceive the environment, and, eventually, the constitution of subsequent memories. After describing the currently available clinical and electrophysiological monitoring tools in this domain, as well as their limits, we finish with the description of recent mechanistic and electrophysiological findings that open the door to the discovery of such specific markers.