Nowadays, the issues of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), climate change, and geopolitics of energy transformation are inextricably linked with one another. The Energy Transition Index (ETI) attempts to measure the emerging landscape of the performance of energy systems and readiness for energy transition across countries. China and India, the two populous giants of the planet, are highly vulnerable to climate change, but both of them have shown significant improvements in their ETI score performances (more than 10 percentage points). This ongoing process of assigning highest priority to sustainable development may promote balanced economic growth, preserve natural resources, enhance social well-being, bring about structural transformation through technology upgradation, create green and healthier climate. The present study attempts to analyze the various macro dimensions of global energy transition landscape by focusing on indicator-wise comparison of the major components of ETI and the explore the potential for renewable energy in the two fastest growing emerging nations—India and China. Empirically it tries to estimate the impact of some macroeconomic variables like GDP per capita growth, access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking (per capita population), CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita), CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion per total electricity output and Renewable energy share in total final energy consumption on the Sustainable Development Goal Index (SDGI). The study reveals that the selected macroeconomic indicators maintain long-run relationships with energy transition in the two countries, however, there are some causal interplays among them.