Accidental oil spills have become a focal point of research due to their profound impact on marine ecosystems and the environment. Oil contamination poses a significant threat to biodiversity and the ecological balance of our planet. Traditional oil removal methods are plagued by inefficiencies and drawbacks, necessitating the exploration of innovative approaches to address this critical issue. Materials endowed with superhydrophobic and superoleophobic properties have emerged as promising candidates in the pursuit of efficient separation of oil from oil–water mixtures. These materials exhibit exceptional absorption efficiency, recyclability, selectivity, and chemical inertness. Among them, carbon-based materials have proven to be the most promising contenders for oil separation from contaminated water. Their exceptional characteristics, including a large surface area, high surface area-to-volume ratio, porous nature, low density, remarkable mechanical and chemical stability, and eco-friendliness, make them the ideal choice for this purpose. This chapter delves into recent research on various carbon-based materials, including activated carbon, graphene, graphene oxide (GO), graphene aerogel (GA), graphite, carbon nanoparticles (CNP), carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon nanofibers (CNF), and carbon membranes. It highlights their significant potential in efficiently cleaning oil spills from oil/water mixtures, offering environmentally sound solutions to this pressing issue.