π-Conjugated Ionic Crystals for Materials Toward Electronics and Photonics Applications
摘要
π-Conjugated ionic species are roughly classified into two categories, i.e., π-conjugated systems bearing an ionic functional group (π-IFG) and charge delocalized π-conjugated systems (CD-π). The crystal structures of several series of ionic species were investigated and categorized into some packing patterns in each ionic species. Stilbazolium and styrylquinolinium cations with asymmetric charge distribution in CD-π show three major packing motifs, i.e., alternating antiparallel, antiparallel dimer, and parallel sequences, in the crystals with the counter anions of π-IFG. In the crystals of carbocyanine cation with symmetric charge distribution in CD-π, the counter anions of π-IFG are located approximately on the symmetry plane of the cation. Bis(1,3-dicyanomethylidene)indan anion classified into CD-π was combined with stilbazolium, styrylquinolinium, and carbocyanine cations as well as 1,1′-(dialkanediyl)bipyridinium and 1,1′-dialkyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dications, and the packing motifs in the crystals are charge-by-charge and charge-segregated assemblies. Ion pairs were also used as two-component base sets to construct multi-component crystals, and π-conjugated ion-pairs containing p-toluenesulfonate acting as a hydrogen-bonding acceptor were combined with hydrogen-bonding donors such as dihydroxyarenes and 4-substituted benzoic acids. At least, 24 three-π-component crystals were obtained in 22 of the 42 combinations resulting from the six ion pairs and seven hydrogen-bonding donors. Four-π-component crystals were also obtained by adding tetrathiafulvalene to the three components.