In recent years, the research methods of silage microorganisms have made remarkable progress, from traditional culture methods to comprehensive analysis based on molecular biology and multi-omics techniques. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, metagenomics and transcriptomics revealed the diversity and functional characteristics of silage microbial communities, while metabolomics analysed the dynamic changes of microbial metabolites and their effects on fermentation quality. In addition, ecological network analysis provides a new perspective for the study of microbial interactions and population dynamics. The combination of these methods laid a solid foundation for revealing the silage fermentation mechanism and optimizing the silage process.