Silicone rubber, with its excellent mechanical properties such as tear resistance, has become the preferred material for preparing composite insulators. However, the transmission lines in Northwest China pass through regions with high-hardness, irregularly-edged sand and dust particles, which can easily cause erosion on silicone rubber composite materials during high-speed movement, leading to a decline in their mechanical properties and affecting the service life of insulators. This paper takes silicone rubber test pieces as the research object, conducts wind-sand erosion simulation tests on silicone rubber composite materials based on actual measured results of sand parameters and wind-sand erosion simulation systems, compares and analyzes the changes in the mechanical properties of the materials before and after erosion, and systematically studies the impact of wind-sand erosion on the mechanical properties of silicone rubber composite materials. The findings are as follows: wind-sand erosion has a certain abrasive effect on silicone rubber materials; the elongation at break of the test pieces decreases from 218.42% to 156.43%, the tear resistance performance drops by 6.57%; the hardness of the test pieces decreases, and the surface roughness increases by 190.36%; the erosion damage on the material surface mainly manifests as furrows and transverse cracks caused by plowing and micro-cutting. The research results can provide a reference for improving the performance and optimizing the design of silicone rubber composite materials in wind-sand environments.