This chapter examines the evolution of aesthetic consciousness in prehistoric China through the lens of Neolithic pottery, spanning early, middle, and late periods. It explores pottery’s dual role as a utilitarian object and a spiritual symbol, rooted in agricultural advancements and shifts in dietary practices. Early pottery cultures (e.g., Pengtoushan, Hemudu, Cishan) emphasized rudimentary forms and functional designs, while middle Neolithic cultures (Yangshao, Dawenkou) introduced intricate painted and gray pottery, reflecting ritual practices and shamanistic symbolism. The late Neolithic era saw the zenith of craftsmanship in Longshan black pottery and Majiayao painted pottery, characterized by technological innovations like fast wheels and kiln techniques, alongside sophisticated geometric and symbolic patterns. Regional variations across the Yangtze, Yellow, and Liao River Valleys highlight diverse artistic expressions, while shared themes of ritual significance, human-nature harmony, and evolving aesthetic principles underscore pottery’s role as a cornerstone of early Chinese civilization.