The rapid evolution of network technology, spanning both wireless and optical domains, brings immense benefits to modern communication and data transmission. However, it also introduces significant security challenges. Wireless networks are vulnerable to threats such as eavesdropping, unauthorized access, and interference due to their broadcasting nature. Meanwhile, optical networks, though offering more secure physical connections, face risks such as fiber tapping and data leaks. This review explores the critical security issues inherent in both network types, delving into the technological mechanisms developed to mitigate these risks. Topics covered include encryption techniques, intrusion detection systems, and emerging solutions like AI-driven security in 5G and quantum cryptography. As the demand for secure, high-speed data transfer grows, especially with the proliferation of 5G and IoT, it is crucial to address these vulnerabilities to maintain the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of network communications.