Photoelectric detection plays a crucial role in advancing remote sensing, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and mechanical quantity detection. In remote sensing, it enables precise acquisition and processing of optical, infrared, and radar signals, offering applications in Earth observation, thermal monitoring, and night reconnaissance. Challenges like enhanced sensitivity and response speed are addressed through innovations in materials, device structures, and intelligent systems. Integration with image processing and AI ensures real-time monitoring and quality assurance in production environments. The continuous advancement of high-resolution imaging technologies further enhances the accuracy and scope of photoelectric detection. These developments, driven by AI and micro-nano optical technologies, promise to expand applications in virtual reality, medical imaging, and security.