Microstructural characterization of materials subjected to different thermomechanical or thermal processes as well as different mechanical testing is an integral part of materials engineering which provides a mechanistic insight into the different mechanisms associated with deformation, recovery, recrystallization, grain growth and phase transformation in a wide variety of materials. Traditionally, such investigations are based upon post-mortem optical and electron microscopy imaging coupled with mechanical testing. In the last few decades, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) has emerged as a workhorse technique for crystal orientation mapping of microstructural evolution in polycrystalline metals and alloys. More recently, the development of in situ EBSD has enabled researchers to perform such analyses in real-time and capture the microstructural evolution as it happens by using a tensile or heating stage within the scanning electron microscope, thus providing simultaneous information from the real/microstructural space, reciprocal space and composition space as a function of applied mechanical stimuli or thermal field. Therefore, niche experiments are possible that throw light upon the micro-scale deformation, recrystallization and phase transformation mechanisms and supplement the traditional microstructural analyses to provide a thorough and comprehensive account of the material response. This chapter discusses some interesting in situ EBSD studies that highlight the capabilities of this novel technique and elaborates on the contribution of the high throughput technique to the integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) paradigm.