Urbanization is an ongoing global phenomenon that significantly changes land use patterns, economic activities, and social structures. Rural agriculture is one of the crucial aspects profoundly influenced by urbanization, particularly in peri-urban areas where urban and rural domains intersect. Urbanization continuously decreases agricultural land, directly through land conversion and indirectly through allocating agricultural land for non-productive purposes such as recreational activities, horse-keeping, or hobby farming. Land conversion for residential, industrial, and commercial purposes alters the agricultural landscape and practices. It exerts immense pressure on farmers, making agriculture increasingly arduous due to the dwindling availability of agricultural land, adverse external impacts, and competition for land resources. Urbanization also brings incremental and disruptive changes in market dynamics, thus affecting customer preferences. Due to the resulting migration, the socio-economic dynamics of rural communities are disturbed, which causes a decline in the agricultural workforce in peri-urban regions. Urbanization in peri-urban areas could also be seen as a boom creating peri-urban agriculture opportunities. Hence, it becomes imperative to explore the multifaceted impacts of urbanization on rural agriculture, especially in peri-urban areas. The chapter analyses the challenges and opportunities arising from urban expansion and their effects on agricultural practices, farmers’ livelihoods, and food security.