Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for a significant portion of the Indian population. Around 50% of the workforce in India is engaged in agriculture, directly or indirectly. It provides employment opportunities for millions of farmers and their families, especially in rural areas. The Government of India has outlined a vision to prioritize and uplift the agricultural sector, focusing on improving farmers’ socio-economic conditions. Some key components of the government’s vision for farmers in India include doubling farmers’ income, rural infrastructure development, crop insurance to mitigate the farmers’ risk, skill development, digital initiatives to empower farmers, and many more. The Government of India implements various policies (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana (PM- KISAN), Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA), Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Agriculture Infrastructure Fund, Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana, etc.) to guide decision-making and actions in specific areas. Policies can be laws, regulations, programs, or initiatives designed to address various issues, achieve specific goals, or achieve desired outcomes. Regarding the agricultural sector, policies refer to the specific measures and strategies put in place by governments to support and promote agricultural development, improve farmers’ welfare, and ensure sustainable agricultural practices. This chapter aims to understand the issues related to the socio-economic conditions of the farmers, such as irregular income, indebtedness, fragmented landholding, limited access to financial credit, huge post-harvest losses, and many more. It also covers the government’s policy initiatives to address these gaps. Protecting farmers and their families from financial shocks and providing them with a safety net to promote sustainable agriculture and make farming a lucrative business for the younger generation are crucial.