This study covers the use of MAC protocols and the key elements that enhance the WSN’s network lifespan. This study not only describes several types of MAC schemes but also reveals that most traditional MAC schemes are purely theoretical and do not meet the requirements for WSN performance optimization. The study describes many methods for improving the performance of the MAC protocol and identifies research gaps to determine the course of future studies. The current methods provide very little innovation and result in very little increase in network lifespan. In order to fill this research gap, our future work will focus on advancing the inquiry, developing fresh approaches, and mathematical modeling. This method is the same as LEACH, as there is no data aggregation at the cluster heads. We create node clusters to communicate with randomly chosen cluster leaders. Wireless sensor networks, however, provide particular security difficulties. Because WSNs have so many security-critical applications, security is starting to become a big issue for WSN protocol designers. This article aims to comprehensively list every known security vulnerability in wireless sensor networks, addressing a wide range of assaults in WSNs, their categorization methods, various defences to combat them, and the challenges they present. We took up the issue in this research and have suggested an integrated, comprehensive security system that would provide security services for every sensor network service. Future heavy utilization is profitable due to the combination of wireless connection, computational power, and sensor technologies. Additionally, there are other security risks associated with wireless communication technologies.