Seed research profoundly impacts global issues of food security, sustainability, and ecological restoration. Understanding the genetic foundation of various aspects of seed, including seed size, shape, mass, color, biochemical makeup, dormancy, and germination is essential for developing improved crop varieties. The molecular markers have been implemented in various seed testing laboratories to maintain the purity of genotypes and enhance improved cultivar development. These molecular markers were extensively utilized to discover genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) governing the trait. The marker–trait association of different traits has significantly contributed to the enhancement of seed storage protein content as well as other desirable traits in various crops. Plant tissue culture leads to the preservation and maintenance of the germplasm via cryopreservation (especially for recalcitrant species) in limited space in gene banks. The standardized tissue culture protocols are mainly helpful for genetic engineering for developing transgenic lines and genome editing. Recent advancements in genome sequencing technologies and advanced bioinformatics tools paved the way for accelerating the development of improved seed varieties. Various attempts have been made to unravel the genomes of crop species using these technologies. Comparative transcriptomics and RNA-sequencing enable the profiling of transcriptional changes during seed development and maturation to discover the conserved regulatory networks governing major key seed traits. Metabolomics approaches have been applied to understand the metabolite profiles of developing seeds. Recent advancements like the application of phytotron and high throughput phenotyping have shown their significance in speed breeding. Large-scale seed trait phenotyping is made possible by spectroscopic analysis, optical imaging, multispectral imaging, X-ray imaging, and hyperspectral image-based methods for specific critical characteristics of seeds. Incorporating robotic storage and retrieval in seed banks confers more precise monitoring and enhanced efficiency. In this chapter, we present the need for advanced technologies that have arisen over the last few decades, which provide new insights into seed science and research.