This chapter provides an overview of Bhutan’s hydropower-led economic growth, context, and challenges. The study aims to construct an industry-level productivity account from 1990 to 2022, analyzing hydropower’s impact on economic growth and resource allocation. Bhutan’s limited data availability and quality present challenges for developing an accurate industry-level productivity account, but also provide opportunities to adopt rigorous methods to address measurement issues. Although further analysis is necessary, the estimates for the overall economy and the two key sectors—electricity and non-electricity—are considered sufficiently reliable. Key findings include Bhutan’s exceptionally high investment ratio compared to other South Asian countries, the significant contribution of hydropower to economic growth, and stagnation in total factor productivity (TFP) despite rapid labor productivity growth. These insights highlight the complexities of Bhutan’s development model. The chapter concludes by outlining the book’s structure and guiding readers through the following detailed analyses. By offering nuanced insights into Bhutan’s economic trajectory, the study is a foundation for future research and informed policymaking.