Understanding the fracture behavior of shale rocks subjected to impact loading is fundamental for the efficient extraction and utilization of geological energy resources. In this research, we utilized the dynamic Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) system, coupled with high-speed camera imagery, to meticulously investigate the progressive failure mechanisms in layered shale. Our study conducted a thorough examination of the dynamic mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of these shales under impact compression conditions. The results indicate that, based on the initiation mechanisms of microcracks and the mechanical factors influencing fracture patterns, the failure modes of shale rocks can be distinctly classified into five types. Moreover, our analysis highlights that the bedding angle (θ) plays a crucial role in determining the failure mode of the shale samples. Specifically: At θ = 0°, the sample experiences splitting failure, with acoustic emissions primarily concentrated at the horizontal bedding planes. At θ = 30° and 60°, the sample exhibits shear failure, characterized by a combination of shear cracks, mixed shear cracks, and multiple composite tensile-shear cracks. At θ = 90°, the sample displays both tensile and splitting cracks. Furthermore, as the strain rate increases, the fracture pattern of the sample with θ = 60° shifts predominantly towards slip and tensile-shear mixed cracks. As the peak stress intensity increases, the failure modes of the samples with θ = 30° and 60° gradually transition from center-oriented failure to shear failure along the bedding planes. Notably, for the sample with θ = 90°, as the intensity of the shock wave increases, secondary splitting cracks emerge within the matrix, suggesting a fracture pattern that transcends the bedding planes. These findings offer valuable insights into the complex failure mechanisms of shale rocks under dynamic loading conditions, which are crucial for advancing the field of geological energy exploration and utilization.