The widespread use of materials, along with their incapacity to break down naturally, has led to an increase in trash, creating a huge environmental concern in modern times (Pandey et al. 2023). Scientists are now looking at the consequences of micro and nanoplastics, which are minute, and formed from bigger plastic goods such as bags and bottles. These minute plastic pollutants stem from the degradation of plastics and direct release from human-made sources (Ya et al. 2021). Lotic ecosystems, comprising rivers, streams, and other flowing water habitats, are assets impacted by micro and nanoplastic pollution. Due to the water flow and diverse organisms inhabiting these ecosystems, they are particularly vulnerable to contamination by micro and nanoplastics, with severe ecological repercussions (Dikareva and Simon 2019). Tiny plastic particles have been discovered in flowing water habitats globally, ranging from mountain streams to large river networks (Davidson et al. 2023; Blettler et al. 2018; Mani et al. 2015). Even nanoplastic fragments, which were previously understudied due to testing challenges, are now being identified in rivers and streams (Wang et al. 2021). This chapter focuses on micro and nanoplastic contamination in flowing water habitats, problems, and knowledge gaps in remediation strategies and research goals.