Nanoplastics (NPs) and micro-plastics (MPs) are persistent pollutants present in multiple spheres of the environment. Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are significant sinks of these contaminants; however, studies on the interaction of NPs and MPs with ecosystem health (e.g., soil) and inhabitants are limited to date. NPs and MPs can modify soil physicochemical attributes (e.g., bulk density and aggregation) and biogeochemistry (e.g., nutrient- and C-cycling) depending on their biodegradable or non-biodegradable characteristics. NPs and some MPs can be absorbed through plant roots and transported to different plant structures, hindering plant growth and crop production. The detrimental effect of NPs and MPs on soil and plants can further affect crop yield and food safety, impeding the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, studying associations between the environment (soil and plant) and NPs and MPs is crucial in policymaking for sustainable agricultural production under global change.