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In the modernized world, society produces hundreds of millions of plastics, including their use in consumer commodities, packaging, and dressing. An estimate currently provided states that 364 million tons of plastics are generated yearly and that this may increase threefold by the year 2050. (Rubio et al. 2020). Plastics may also be categorized based on key characteristics relevant to their manufacturing process, product designing, and end-of-use, like thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics, basically, are melted by heat and solidified on cooling but thermosets got a chemical change with temperature and modified into a three-dimensional network that is impossible to be re-melted or reformed. Thermoplastics include polyethylene (PE) and polyamides, polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), such as expanded polystyrene; polyethylene terephthalate (PET); or the case of polyvinyl-chloride (PVCs), among others. In the case of the thermoset polymer class, a choice for prototype has been polyurethane (PUR) as in the case of an injection molding application, along with silicones, a composite application for epoxy as for phenolic resins as also an acrylic example for completion (Da Costa et al. 2020).

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A Comprehensive Review on Micro and Nanoplastics-Mediated Cardiovascular Complications

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Jashabir Chakraborty,
  • Dibyendu Shil,
  • Saumendu Deb Roy,
  • Amit Samanta,
  • Diptendu Bhowmik,
  • Sharbani Roy,
  • Manab Deb Adhikari,
  • Pankaj Kanti Jodder

摘要

In the modernized world, society produces hundreds of millions of plastics, including their use in consumer commodities, packaging, and dressing. An estimate currently provided states that 364 million tons of plastics are generated yearly and that this may increase threefold by the year 2050. (Rubio et al. 2020). Plastics may also be categorized based on key characteristics relevant to their manufacturing process, product designing, and end-of-use, like thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics, basically, are melted by heat and solidified on cooling but thermosets got a chemical change with temperature and modified into a three-dimensional network that is impossible to be re-melted or reformed. Thermoplastics include polyethylene (PE) and polyamides, polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), such as expanded polystyrene; polyethylene terephthalate (PET); or the case of polyvinyl-chloride (PVCs), among others. In the case of the thermoset polymer class, a choice for prototype has been polyurethane (PUR) as in the case of an injection molding application, along with silicones, a composite application for epoxy as for phenolic resins as also an acrylic example for completion (Da Costa et al. 2020).