The progression of climate change prominently affects rainfall and temperature, which are critical components of the hydrological cycle. This study aims to analyze the variability of these parameters to better understand the hydrological dynamics of the Baitarani River basin amidst changing climatic conditions. Historical rainfall and temperature data were subjected to trend analysis using both parametric (linear regression) and non-parametric (Mann–Kendall and Sen’s Slope Estimator) methods. The findings indicate significant upward trends in monthly, seasonal, and annual temperature extremes. Moreover, monsoon rainfall shows a higher magnitude of increasing trends compared to summer and winter across most rain gauge stations. These trends suggest potential impacts on the hydrological regime and water availability in the basin, highlighting the need for adaptive water management strategies.