Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitously present in the environment, but NTM diseases occur infrequently. Generally, NTM are considered to be less virulent than Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but these organisms potentially cause diseases in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. Compared to tuberculosis (TB), person-to-person transmission does not occur except with M. abscessus, and lung is the most commonly infected organ. The clinical manifestations are similar to those of TB and may pose a diagnostic challenge even to an experienced clinician. Therefore, this study aimed to present a challenging case report of recurrent hospitalization due to NTM infection.