Biotechnology has influenced various fields for decades, often before the underlying science was fully understood. At its essence, biotechnology utilizes living organisms and their byproducts for a wide range of applications, influencing various scientific fields. Among these, medical biotechnology is particularly significant as it applies biotechnological principles to achieve medical outcomes. In recent years, medical biotechnology has become increasingly interdisciplinary, incorporating advancements in stem cell technology, nanotechnology, robotics, and biopharmaceuticals. As the field continues to evolve, it is expected to become even more integrated into medicine, offering not only general disease prevention and treatment but also tailored therapeutic strategies based on environmental influences, individual’s genetics, and lifestyle. These advancements are poised to revolutionize medicine, paving the way for even greater innovations. Historically, the application of biotechnology in medicine has achieved significant milestones, such as gene synthesis, recombinant DNA experiments, the development of genetically engineered organisms, monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy trials, the Human Genome Project, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, and the creation of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19. These advancements have expanded treatment options and significantly improved patient outcomes. The continuous evolution of medical biotechnology enables it to push the boundaries of medical science, providing solutions to complex health challenges. This chapter aims to provide readers with a clear and accessible understanding of the fundamental concepts, techniques, and breakthroughs in medical biotechnology. It prepares readers to appreciate the current contributions of biotechnology to medicine and anticipate its future impact on healthcare.