Cancer is still one of the top causes of death and morbidity in the human population, and it may strike at any time of life. Here, we provide a brief overview of the many forms of nanotechnology that have had significant impacts on the fields of medicine and cancer research and treatment. Scientists have renewed optimism for discovering a cure for cancer thanks to the development of drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles such as liposomes, magnetic nanoparticles, noble metal nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, upconversion nanoparticles, quantum dots, and carbon nanomaterials. Using a novel concept called customized medicine, which has the potential to deliver an effective cure for nearly every form of malignancy, this strategy provides a fresh viewpoint on cancer research, diagnosis, and therapy.