To enhance the resolution of the terahertz imaging system in the Asia-Pacific region, a method for high-resolution imaging utilizing efficient transmission and reception of vortex beams has been proposed. Initially, a transmission-type circular patch layered phase gradient metasurface, comprising 21 × 21 units, was designed. Through vortex-type transmission phase modulation, efficient transmission and reception of orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex beams of varying orders were achieved. Building upon this, by analyzing the vortex spectral distribution of the target, a high-resolution imaging method based on specific vortex orders was introduced. This approach significantly enhances the lateral resolution of planar objects when there is a high proportion of energy in specific OAM modes. Ultimately, an intuitive terahertz transmission vortex wave imaging system was constructed to validate the resolution effectiveness of this imaging method. Experimental results demonstrate that the vortex wave imaging method proposed in this paper significantly improves the imaging quality of objects, achieving a lateral resolution of 0.53λ.