Polymeric materials have emerged as pivotal components in textile finishing, offering a diverse array of applications to enhance the properties and functionalities of textiles. This review explores the multifaceted role of polymeric materials in textile finishing processes, delving into their significance in achieving desired attributes such as durability, comfort, aesthetics, and functionality. We started the exploration of various polymeric materials employed in textile finishing, encompassing polymers like silicones, fluoropolymers, polyurethanes, and beyond. The discussion unfolds the intrinsic properties of these polymers that contribute to their effectiveness in textile applications. The review extends to the techniques employed in applying polymeric finishes, encompassing methods such as padding, coating, and spray applications. The challenges associated with ensuring uniform application and durability are addressed, providing insights into optimizing these processes for enhanced performance. Furthermore, the environmental implications of polymeric finishes are discussed, with a focus on sustainable and eco-friendly practices. Innovations in developing biodegradable and recyclable polymeric finishes highlight the industry’s efforts toward mitigating environmental impact. The integration of polymeric materials in textile finishing represents a dynamic and evolving field. This review serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers, textile engineers, and industry professionals seeking to understand and harness the potential of polymeric materials in advancing the performance and sustainability of finished textiles.