The final Chapter 13 examines Korea’s economic growth over the past 150 years, synthesizing earlier analyses of specific periods into a comprehensive overview of long-term trends. It explores the key drivers of growth acceleration, including openness to trade, access to foreign capital, technology, and knowledge, as well as human capital development and demographic shifts. The chapter also considers the challenges posed by increased competition with latecomer economies, particularly after the 1990s, such as China. Furthermore, it traces the evolving relationship between economic growth and income distribution, highlighting a shift from pre-liberation inequality to equitable distribution during the rapid growth period, followed by a resurgence of inequality in recent decades. These long-term trends provide critical insights into Korea’s economic trajectory and future challenges.