The major vessels in the chest are located in the mediastinum from where their branches traverse into the right and left hemithorax, upper limbs, neck and head. These vessels include the thoracic aorta and its branches, the main pulmonary artery, its right and left subdivisions, the azygos and hemiazygos veins, and the superior and inferior vena cava. The thoracic duct is small and difficult to see in a chest X-ray It can be seen in a CT scan of the chest (Liu et al., AJR Am J Roentgenol 187(6):1615–20, 2006). It lies close to the oesophagus in the thorax and behind the left common carotid artery at the level of the thoracic inlet.