The temperature regulation of the humidifier water tank system is a pivotal function in respiratory equipment, crucial for maintaining the temperature of humidified gases to ensure patients inhale warm and moist air when using ventilators. The study proposes a design for a water tank temperature control system based on the STM32 microcontroller, temperature sensors, and wireless transmission modules. The paper delineates the structure and operational principles of the temperature control system within the water tank, leveraging STM32 technology. It provides a detailed exposition of the system's architecture and operational mechanisms, with a particular emphasis on the innovative approaches in hardware design and the implementation of the temperature control algorithm. Practical application has demonstrated that, employing PID for temperature control, the temperature rise times for the medium and high temperature ranges are 30 s and 100 s respectively, with overshoots of 10.8% and 7%. The regulation time is between 30 to 40 s, and the final temperature can be maintained within a range of ± 0.1 ℃, indicating excellent control effectiveness, minimal fluctuation, and stable temperature regulation. The STM32-based water tank temperature control system operates with stability and reliability, meeting the safety standards for medical devices, and possesses the characteristics of high cost-effectiveness and ease of operation, showcasing its significant value in practical applications.