Seasonal and permanent frozen soils comprise about 35% of the total land area of the Earth, predominantly distributed in high-latitude and high-altitude regions. These soils undergo seasonal changes in freeze-thaw states with significantly impacting the environments where human live. The freeze-thaw cycles influence energy exchanges between solid Earth and its atmosphere and affect surface runoff and carbon cycling processes. As water transits between solid and liquid phases in the soil, it significantly affects surface radiation energy conversion, evapotranspiration and surface runoff intensity. This process plays a crucial role in determining both surface energy balance and water cycle dynamics, making freeze-thaw states sensitive indicators for climate change. To effectively monitor these changes, it is essential to observe the spatio-temporal distribution of soil freeze-thaw conditions and related physical parameters. Traditional remote sensing methods using visible light and thermal infrared are often hindered by adverse weather conditions. In contrast, microwave remote sensing techniques —both active (radar) and passive (radiometer)—provide reliable monitoring regardless of time or weather. Satellite data enhance the spatial resolution of soil moisture and surface freeze-thaw monitoring. However, its temporal resolution (global repeat coverage every 3 days) may not fully meet the scientific requirements for freeze-thaw monitoring.