Additive manufacturing, and especially three-dimensional (3D) printing, provides the possibility of alternatives to conventional manufacturing which may increase the complexity of the geometries possible for testing with a reduction in cost and time taken to produce the models. However, the design parameters for these methods are not currently well-documented and researchers are thus often overly-conservative in their model designs, or hesitant to even try the approach as a result. In general, the most accessible of these technologies is 3D printing by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), which may use either pellets or filament of a thermoplastic to build an object in a layer-wise fashion from partially melted plastic extruded through a nozzle. In this study, models were produced by FDM out of Enhanced Polylactic Acid (PLA+) filament using Creality CR-10S Pro printers for testing in a supersonic wind tunnel. The test section size for the supersonic wind tunnel is 4" x 4". The facility was modified to accommodate the possibility of fully destructive testing of the models to clearly identify failure modes and loadings in real conditions. The overall results were positive with common, heavier geometries (such as wedges and cones) performing well. The primary drawbacks identified were that models were prone to failure due to delamination, and that distortion (especially of key features such as holes) can affect model accuracy. Surface finishes are typically poorer than conventionally-machined models though these effects can be used diagnostically.

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The Use of 3D-Printed Models in Gas Dynamics Research

  • Randall Tyrone Paton,
  • Keegan Goodman,
  • Ryan Kramer,
  • Dilesh Vallabh

摘要

Additive manufacturing, and especially three-dimensional (3D) printing, provides the possibility of alternatives to conventional manufacturing which may increase the complexity of the geometries possible for testing with a reduction in cost and time taken to produce the models. However, the design parameters for these methods are not currently well-documented and researchers are thus often overly-conservative in their model designs, or hesitant to even try the approach as a result. In general, the most accessible of these technologies is 3D printing by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), which may use either pellets or filament of a thermoplastic to build an object in a layer-wise fashion from partially melted plastic extruded through a nozzle. In this study, models were produced by FDM out of Enhanced Polylactic Acid (PLA+) filament using Creality CR-10S Pro printers for testing in a supersonic wind tunnel. The test section size for the supersonic wind tunnel is 4" x 4". The facility was modified to accommodate the possibility of fully destructive testing of the models to clearly identify failure modes and loadings in real conditions. The overall results were positive with common, heavier geometries (such as wedges and cones) performing well. The primary drawbacks identified were that models were prone to failure due to delamination, and that distortion (especially of key features such as holes) can affect model accuracy. Surface finishes are typically poorer than conventionally-machined models though these effects can be used diagnostically.