Social mobility of human resources in general and human resources in science and technology, in particular, is a natural phenomenon to acknowledge in the context of the 4th Industrial Revolution. The phenomenon of social mobility has created tremendous changes in scientific and technological life, serving the development goals of each country amidst the current 4th Industrial Revolution. Opportunities are emerging with major advancements in information technology and education. However, significant challenges exist for managing the social mobility of high-quality scientific and technological human resources. Immediate risks include technological unemployment, competition for high-quality human resources, administrativeization of scientific and technological activities, and individual linkages between elements in the scientific, technological, and innovative systems. The main purpose of this chapter is to synthesize and analyze the opportunities and challenges arising from the 4th Industrial Revolution for science and technology human resources as well as science and technology human resource management organizations. It will also examine the social policy process related to the social mobility of scientific and technological human resources in the period of 2013 to 2023, assessing the role of stakeholders and the implementation of social mobility management policies of scientific and technological human resources.