“Social mobility” is a sociological term used to describe the movement of one or more individuals between different social classes or groups within a society. It can involve upward or downward shifts between various social groups or roles within an organizational structure. The phenomenon of social mobility is becoming increasingly popular and creating huge changes in scientific and technological life, serving as a vital aspect of each country’s development goals, especially in the context of globalization and international integration. In Vietnam, social mobility manifests in various ways within the science and technology community. Particularly in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, we can identify several distinct types of social mobility, including mobility with migration, mobility without migration, horizontal mobility, and vertical mobility. The advancement of these mobility types is facilitated by digital technology platforms and the impacts of the transformation of science and technology (S&T) human resource management philosophy in science and technology organizations. This chapter holds a pivotal role within this book, offering a comprehensive overview of various forms of social mobility among Vietnamese science and technology human resources, through an examination of two prominent research and training institutions—Vietnam National University, Hanoi, and Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City.