Either the effects of actions exceed resistance capacities for key components or excessive displacement is larger than the allowable value for girders during earthquakes, it may delay hazard rescue and cause vast economic loss. In this regard, ultra-high resilience concrete (UHRC) and iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA), as two promising materials, are recommended to employ in bridge engineering for seismic resilience enhancement. Firstly, a series of quasi-static tests on an UHRC-reinforced pier were conducted and then the FE model of the pier was established in OpenSees to reappear the test scenario. Subsequently, a Fe-SMA damping plate was numerically investigated and the obtained responses matched well with the test results. At last, an UHRC-reinforced cable-stayed bridge equipped with Fe-SMA damping plate bearings was selected as an example to quantify the resilience enhancement when subjected to strong earthquakes. The analysis results confirm that if the vulnerable RC components are strengthened by the UHRC material and the optimized Fe-SMA damping plate bearing are used to restrain the potential excessive displacement of the girder during earthquakes, the seismic resilience of the conventional cable-stayed bridge can be improved significantly.