In order to solve the traffic problem and improve airport operation efficiency, the construction of taxiway bridges is recommended. Specifically, it is suggested to use prefabricated multi-girder steel-concrete composite taxiway bridges in airports, according to the demand for “Four-Type Airport”. These bridges have a large width to accommodate aircraft loads, which are substantial and concentrated. Additionally, the coupling vibration between aircraft and bridge is significant, and fatigue issues are prominent. Therefore, a study on prefabricated multi-girder steel-concrete composite taxiway bridges is conducted. Dynamic models of composite taxiway bridges, taking into account the layout of the shear connector, are established. Furthermore, 6-degrees of freedom dynamic models are used to represent aircraft loads. The study analyzes the coupling vibration response. The following factors are studied for their influence: aircraft taxiing speed, aircraft type, deck roughness, bridge span, shear connector degree, and shear connector layout. The results are as follows: (1) The impact coefficient initially increases and then decreases with the increase of taxiing speed, reaching a maximum value of 0.058 at a speed of 80 km/h, while are relatively close when the aircraft type changed from B737-800 to B747-400; (2) The coupling vibration becomes noticeable with the increase of deck roughness grade, which leads to a continuous increase in the Sperling index of passenger satisfaction and aircraft running stability; (3) The shear connector degree and the stud cluster degree both have significant influence on the dynamic response of the bridge; (4) Under the condition of most deck grades (A-C), the impact coefficient of the bridge is small, the passenger satisfaction and aircraft running stability is acceptable, so the prefabricated steel-concrete composite bridge is suitable for taxiway bridges.