Shrimp aquaculture is currently experiencing significant developments shaped by market dynamics, technological advancements, and a growing emphasis on sustainability. Global shrimp production is expected to rebound in 2024, with an estimated growth rate of 4.8%, surpassing previous peaks. This growth is particularly notable in Asia, including India and Vietnam, which are recovering from declines in 2023. However, it faces significant challenges from diseases that can devastate the shrimp populations. Diseases can result from various factors, including poor water quality, inadequate management practices, or the introduction of pathogens. Recently, there has been a lot of work done on shrimp aquaculture diseases, focusing on understanding emerging pathogens, improving diagnostic techniques, and adopting innovative treatment methods to mitigate their impact. The focus on integrative health management and technological innovations is expected to play a critical role in reducing the economic impact of diseases in shrimp farming. While shrimp aquaculture is immensely rewarding, it comes with its share of challenges, particularly in managing diseases that can significantly impact productivity and profitability. In this review, we have summarized major diseases affecting shrimp farming, exploring their causes, symptoms, and effective diagnostic strategies. Managing shrimp diseases effectively involves a combination of preventive measures, diagnostic techniques, and sustainable treatment strategies to minimize economic losses while maintaining environmental health.