This chapter highlights the critical importance of tracing the geographic origin of timber to combat illegal logging, emphasizing its profound implications for environmental conservation and ethical trade. It underscores the role of robust tracking systems, incorporating genetic tools like DNA barcoding and population genetics, in verifying timber sources, enhancing regulatory enforcement, and safeguarding ecosystems. This chapter introduces innovative approaches such as individual tree tracking through DNA profiling and chemical fingerprinting, utilizing stable isotopes and mass spectrometry. These combined efforts not only contribute to the preservation of biodiversity and responsible forestry but also empower consumers to make informed, ethical choices, fostering a more sustainable and transparent global timber industry.