Pines contribute significantly to the global forest coverage and provide a wide range of ecosystem services due to their extensive natural distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. Many of the pines, which are naturally found in the tropical and subtropical zones of the earth, are widely planted across the tropics, including the southern hemisphere, due to their economic values. It is evident from various studies that the tropical pine species are under threat of genetic erosion as a result of climate change and human disturbances. Considering the economic importance and challenges of various biotic and abiotic stresses, these species need special attention for conservation and breeding for better gain. Traditional pine breeding is considered a very challenging task because of the long breeding cycle. Therefore, most of the pine tree improvement programs are in their early stages. Recent developments in high-throughput genotyping techniques and molecular breeding strategies have significantly attracted breeders for implementing these technological solutions to improve breeding efficiency for complex traits and time as well. The large and complex genome of the pines is considered a major hurdle in the pine genomics studies. However, the development of different Next-Generation Sequencing platforms and reduced genome representation strategies has made it possible to effectively genotype the non-model tropical pines for population genetic study and genomic selection. This chapter provides an overview of studies on the genomics of tropical and subtropical pines, with a special reference to genomic improvement and conservation efforts.