The Songliao Basin is the largest terrestrial basin in China with the highest geothermal gradient, and is rich in geothermal resources. Starting with the study of geothermal gradient, rock thermal conductivity, and geothermal flow, this article focused on analyzing the occurrence characteristics of geothermal resources in the northern of the Songliao Basin, and further clarified the types and potential of geothermal resources. This provided a theoretical basis for the optimization and development plan design of the pilot test area for geothermal resources in the northern of the Songliao Basin. Research showed that the northern of the Songliao Basin has the characteristics of a high-temperature hot basin. Geothermal resources were mainly divided into two types: hydrothermal and rock thermal. The middle and shallow sandstone geothermal water is better in the north and worse in the south. The thickness of the water layer in Binbei, Lindian and Heiyupao was as high as 200 m, and the porosity is generally greater than 20%, making it the most favorable area for geothermal water development; The deep volcanic geothermal water in Xujiaweizi had a thickness of 100-300 m, a temperature of 90–140 °C, and a good grade of hydrothermal resources; The rock thermal geothermal resources had a large thickness, high temperature, and large scale, making them the main energy substitute for oil production. Based on the distribution characteristics of geothermal resources, explored development strategies for geothermal resources, established supporting development and comprehensive utilization technologies, and lay the foundation for achieving green and low-carbon development.