Nanotechnology has gained significant potential to enhance sustainable agriculture. This article examines recent advancements of nanotechnology in agriculture, focusing on crop productivity and protection, particularly on nanopesticides, nanofertilizers, nanobiosensors, and nano-enabled remediation techniques for contaminated soils. Nanomaterials (NMs) significantly influence the fate, mobility, and toxicity of soil contaminants and are integral to several biotic and abiotic remediation techniques. The efficiency of NMs has been significantly influenced by their characteristics and interactions with soil constituents, a topic critically examined in this review. The processes of NM uptake and translocation in plants, together with the related defense systems, have been examined. Future research avenues have been delineated to advance the investigation of sustainable nano-enabled agriculture. Initiatives to implement nanotechnology in agriculture commenced with the increasing acknowledgement that traditional farming methods could neither enhance productivity further nor rehabilitate ecosystems adversely affected by current technologies, notably due to the scrutiny of the long-term impacts of utilizing miracle seeds alongside irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides, which have been challenged at both scientific and policy levels and necessitate a gradual phase-out. In the past decade, nanotechnology in agriculture has experienced significant growth due to substantial public investment; nonetheless, the rate of advancement remains modest despite the involvement of various disciplines within agriculture. This may be ascribed to the distinctive characteristics of agricultural production, which operates as an open system with unrestricted exchanges of energy and matter; and the immense scale of demand for input materials, which starkly contrasts with industrial nanoproducts. Addressing these issues could lead to significant advancements in agricultural efficiency through nanotechnological interventions, including enhanced nutrient utilization via nanoformulated fertilizers, overcoming yield limitations through bio-nanotechnology, pest and disease monitoring and management, elucidation of host–parasite interactions at the molecular level, creation of next-generation pesticides and their carriers, food preservation and packaging innovations, reinforcement of natural fibers, and remediation of soil and water contaminants.