Nanomaterials for Soil Remediation and Pollution Control

Soil contamination by organic and inorganic pollutants, especially heavy metals, represents a serious environmental challenge that directly impacts human health and ecosystem sustainability. In this chapter, we analyze the broad possibilities that nanotechnology offers for the remediation of contaminated soils, focusing on the use of nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, modified biochar, and zerovalent iron. These materials have unique physicochemical characteristics that enable the creation of effective mechanisms for the adsorption, immobilization, oxidation, and reduction of pollutants. The interaction of nanomaterials with soil components is analyzed, taking into account factors such as pH, organic matter, and minerals, which are determinants of nanomaterial mobility, stability, and effectiveness. The effects of nanomaterials on microbiota and soil functions are also explored, highlighting both the benefits and environmental risks that their use can bring. Furthermore, the chapter examines promising angles in the interconnection between nanotechnology and bioremediation, proposing approaches that integrate phytoextraction with bioactive compounds.