Integrating nanotechnology into agriculture offers significant promise for enhancing crop productivity and resilience against global climate and food security challenges. Nanomaterials, characterized by their nanoscale properties, include metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based materials, and polymeric and lipid-based nanoparticles. These materials exhibit unique functionalities such as improved nutrient delivery, antimicrobial properties, gene transportation, and stress tolerance enhancement. Specific applications include nanofertilizers to boost nutrient efficiency, nanopesticides for targeted disease management, nanosensors for precision agriculture, and nanocarriers for genetic editing tools. For example, zinc oxide nanoparticles improve seed germination and plant stress tolerance, while silver nanoparticles provide strong antimicrobial effects. Carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide effectively deliver genetic materials, supporting non-transgenic genome editing. However, nanomaterials pose ecological concerns, potentially accumulating in edible plant tissues and disrupting soil microbiomes. Plants absorb nanoparticles through roots and leaves, translocating them via vascular systems, affecting gene expression associated with stress responses. Molecular studies indicate that nanoparticles modulate signaling pathways, notably those involved in antioxidant defenses and stress hormone regulation. Advancing nanotechnology in agriculture demands further research to understand environmental impacts, optimize nanomaterial interactions, and establish robust regulatory frameworks ensuring sustainable agricultural practices.