This paper studies the location-routing problem in the pallet pooling system. Considering the characteristic of simultaneous delivery and pickup, a mixed integer linear programming model is proposed for the location-routing problem with the limitations on carbon emissions and transportation time in the pallet pooling system. Then, a robust optimization model is proposed to deal with the uncertainty of demand. Considering the computational complexity, a heuristic algorithm combining the genetic algorithm and the ant colony optimization is designed to solve the problem efficiently. Numerical experiments are carried out on classical benchmark instances, and the results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed model.