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This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the atmospheric chemistry of fog. It highlights the chemistry and process behind the fog formation in reference to gas phase and particle phase chemistry behind fog formation by considering different chemical species undergoing atmospheric transformation processes including gas to particle conversion, nucleation, coagulation, and hygroscopic growth to form fog droplets. Involvement of acidic aerosols also has been considered. This chapter further highlights the chemical characteristics of fog water and identifies the alkaline nature of fog water due to the presence of a dominance of major cations such as Ca2+, NH4+, and Mg+. Furthermore, a comparison of studies has been mentioned reporting the different ionic concentrations over the world, considering the different nature of sites such as riverside, valley side, coastal region, city, industrial, and mountainous regions in different countries of the world. The dominance of Ca2+, NH+, Cl−, and SO2− has been observed in Indian region. Cations such as NH4+, NO3−, and SO42− were observed as a predominating ionic species in China, Japan, and Taiwan. Similarly, Na+, NH4+, NO3−, and SO42− were identified as a predominating ionic species in European and US regions. Furthermore, the fog chemistry in rural and urban environments has been highlighted in reference to their difference in air pollution sources, chemical composition, and atmospheric conditions. It has been identified that natural sources of air pollution, agricultural practices, biogenic emissions, and mineral dust create a difference in rural area over urban area that dominates with anthropogenic emission from industrial and vehicular emissions, photochemistry, and urban heat island effect. Furthermore, the overview anlysis on fog scavenging efficiency of air pollutants, including, particulate matter, organic carbon, elemental carbon and anions and cations have also been highlighted and identified that the fog scavenging is a significant natural process that changes atmospheric chemistry and helps in air pollution mitigation.

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Perspectives on Fog Chemistry: Characteristics, Variability, and Its Scavenging Efficiency

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Saurabh Sonwani

摘要

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the atmospheric chemistry of fog. It highlights the chemistry and process behind the fog formation in reference to gas phase and particle phase chemistry behind fog formation by considering different chemical species undergoing atmospheric transformation processes including gas to particle conversion, nucleation, coagulation, and hygroscopic growth to form fog droplets. Involvement of acidic aerosols also has been considered. This chapter further highlights the chemical characteristics of fog water and identifies the alkaline nature of fog water due to the presence of a dominance of major cations such as Ca2+, NH4+, and Mg+. Furthermore, a comparison of studies has been mentioned reporting the different ionic concentrations over the world, considering the different nature of sites such as riverside, valley side, coastal region, city, industrial, and mountainous regions in different countries of the world. The dominance of Ca2+, NH+, Cl−, and SO2− has been observed in Indian region. Cations such as NH4+, NO3−, and SO42− were observed as a predominating ionic species in China, Japan, and Taiwan. Similarly, Na+, NH4+, NO3−, and SO42− were identified as a predominating ionic species in European and US regions. Furthermore, the fog chemistry in rural and urban environments has been highlighted in reference to their difference in air pollution sources, chemical composition, and atmospheric conditions. It has been identified that natural sources of air pollution, agricultural practices, biogenic emissions, and mineral dust create a difference in rural area over urban area that dominates with anthropogenic emission from industrial and vehicular emissions, photochemistry, and urban heat island effect. Furthermore, the overview anlysis on fog scavenging efficiency of air pollutants, including, particulate matter, organic carbon, elemental carbon and anions and cations have also been highlighted and identified that the fog scavenging is a significant natural process that changes atmospheric chemistry and helps in air pollution mitigation.