Air and water pollution, the twin threats to planet Earth, is one of the grimmest realities of our contemporary world. Air and water determine the structure, quality, health, thermodynamics, and functioning of the biosphere. An alteration in the original composition and natural properties of air and water to the extent that poses threat to the biosphere and the organisms therein is what air and water pollution is. Pollutants are the substances (solid, liquid, and gaseous) or factors (e.g., heat, harmful rays, etc.) which cause, or carry the potential to cause, pollution. Primary pollutants (e.g., particulates, CO, SO2, NO2, and HCs) are produced in the form in which they exist in the environment while the secondary pollutants come into being because of chemical reactions in the lower atmosphere (e.g., O3, PAN, HNO3, and H2SO4). The air and water pollution sources, in most cases, are common and interconnected. Atmospheric deposition of pollutants connects with water bodies through settling down of the air pollutants on ground followed by runoff and leaching. The air-water pollution interconnectedness underlines the imperative of an integrated pollution management. All environmental costs of prevailing pollution are linked with each other. Most of the pollution-related diseases prevailing worldwide are due to air and water pollution. Stresses and diseases caused by air and water pollution decrease labor productivity resulting in reduced economic output. Ecosystem disruptions caused due to air and water pollution have extremely negative consequences, including climate change, biodiversity erosion, threats to the survival of species, etc. Mortality and morbidity register high rates in the populations constantly exposed to air and water pollution.