Climate change has been one of the most pressing and controversial issues that have drawn the attention of global academic researchers, policymakers, and international donors. It is widely recognized as a consequence of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In Vietnam, the transportation sector is a major driver of GHG emissions, accounting for approximately 20% of all carbon emissions. This chapter investigated different aspects of Vietnam’s transportation that are the main contributors to a high-carbon transport system: infrastructure, vehicle types, and their fuel consumption. Accordingly, Vietnam is considered among the countries most vulnerable to climate change in terms of environmental degradation, public health risks, and socioeconomic impacts. In addition to assessing mitigation strategies adopted by Vietnam’s public and private sectors, the study proposed recommendations to promote climate-smart transport through three major shifts: fuel shift, modal shift, and energy efficiency improvement.