This chapter covers the introduction of imaging to medicine, first by X-rays, then the introduction of contrast to highlight the renal and biliary tracts and the vascular and gastrointestinal systems. Better modalities of imaging were introduced throughout the second half of the twentieth century involving the use of ultrasound (US), radioisotopes, computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). Modern imaging enables not only anatomical/pathological views of body structures but also their functional/metabolic activity as well. The chapter also describes the advent of radiotherapy, it's early treatment for cancer led by Marie Curie and others. A second section addressing the battle with cancer, particularly in the 20th and 21st centuries, which has moved from being limited to surgery and radiotherapy, to involving chemotherapy and immunotherapy, with the choice of agents being increasingly informed by genetics.